THE UNEASY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN INDIVIDUAL AND HIS SOCIETY

Individualism has now reached its peak!  Today, even in the few truly repressive societies still in existence, it is becoming increasingly possible for one to live an individual existence free from the conventions and restrictions of the laws and practices of the geographical country one may happen to find oneself in.  This is facilitated by the established notion of globalization and fed by the ubiquity of Internet access.  In the individual's mind, the concept of nation and state is fading fast, to be replaced by the notion of global citizenship or, in fact, non-citizenship.    

So, superficially, modern conditions seem to have paved the final victory of the liberals over the socialists. With Adam Smith's endorsement, the individual can afford to consciously ignore the common good in the pursuit of his own self-interest.  If the theory of the 'invisible hands' cannot be taken too seriously, then the next best thing to do is to take full advantage of it!  Turning the tables, the individual is now bigger than his society, with the latter becoming merely a vehicle for fulfilling his quest for self-gratification.  So, instead of society existing for an individual to maintain his dignity and self-worth, society has become a battleground for expanding narcissistic monstrosities.  Everywhere, societies are under attack in the guise of individual rights and freedom.

Sentimentalists like me can only recall with fondness the intellectual constructs of not too long ago, the social contract theories that purportedly examined, for all of posterity, the origin of society and the state's legitimate authority over the individual.

To remind ourselves why ,even today, I think an individual should still rationally give up his natural freedom in exchange for the benefits of political order, let's examine two classical works:

Englishman Thomas Hobbes'(1588-1679) idea of Leviathan published in 1600 is a philosophical attempt  to discover the natural laws of political obligations  independent of religion. Based on his mechanistic view of the universe, he posited that in a state of nature, ungoverned human beings are in a state of equal insecurity in the struggle for survival with a desire for glory. No justice nor morality  is present to provide the satisfactions of civilization, but in seeking peace instead of war, individual rights are mutually surrendered in a binding contract for everyone. This contract is enforced by the transfer of all power to a single entity - the sovereign. The assumed absolute power of the sovereign forbids any exemption from its justice.

In contrast, the Swiss, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) wrote in The Social Contract in 1762 that humans in the state of nature are amoral and only motivated by appetite, instinct and the need for self-preservation.  Yet, people can potentially  be good and civilization can be a corrupting influence. To address his own lamentation that 'man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains', he hoped to establish a new conception of political obligation and state legitimacy where humans can be both ruled and yet free - free to exercise moral choice. This is achieved by making the people as a community jointly sovereign, but at the same time all are subject to the law. The law will not serve only individual rights, but the common good as dictated by the general will. The general will is not the will of the majority nor the sum of the wills of self-interested subjects, but the result of group decision-making by moral and civic-minded citizens.

In re-examining either case, it makes us realize again that we need society to provide stable, secure, varied and favorable conditions for the development of our full potential for happiness and self-fulfillment.  So, in the final analysis, an individual is an essential part of his society and society provides the necessary platform for his very survival.

THE GREAT SOOTHING MUSIC OF 
DAN SIEGEL

Life's problems are great and many: divorce, separation, disagreements, death of a loved one, illness, money trouble, work stress, anxiety about your children, etc ...

Sometimes despite the utmost application of our minds and our wills, these problems can prove frustrating and seemingly insurmountable.  These are the times when I find that listening to Dan Siegel's music can soothe our frayed nerves and put us in a more positive frame of mind.

This is a selection of his great music.  Thank you, Mr Siegel!

 

METFORMIN AS AN EFFECTIVE ANTI-CANCER DRUG

Imagine that there is an effective new anti-cancer drug tomorrow that is cheap, proven to be safe and widely available in any GP clinic because it's been in use for more than 50 years in the treatment of another medical condition (type II diabetes).  Imagine that its side-effects are usually mild and self-limited (epigastric discomfort, nausea and diarrhoea).  Imagine that its purported worst-case side-effect, lactic acidosis, though serious, is rare and its causation by the drug has been put in serious doubt by the available evidence.  This sounds like a long-awaited dream for cancer sufferers everywhere.

Yet, increasingly, that dream appears destined to become reality!  Metformin, a natural product of the French lilac, is set to become The Next Big Thing in our battle against cancer.

THEORETICAL POSSIBILITIES

Metformin can act in three ways:

(1)  Indirect insulin-mediated mechanism

Through the mediation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), metformin suppresses gluconeogenesis in the liver, thereby lowering the level of circulating insulin levels.  This leads to decreased binding of insulin to insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors (IR/IGF-1R) that are present on cancer cells.  This reduces stimulation of the Ras and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathways.  This results in the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and reduced cancer-cell proliferation but increased tendency of cancer-cell apoptosis (cell death).

(2) Direct mechanism

Metformin may also inhibit the complex-I of the respiratory chain in the mitochondria.  This results in increased levels of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and increased activation of AMPK through the mediation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1).  This leads to downstream inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and decreased protein production, reduced cancer-cell proliferation and increased apoptosis.

It is already known that the time-proven measures of caloric restriction, exercise, weight loss and bariatric surgery are effective ways in preventing cancer by activating AMPK, the crucial cellular energy sensor and master switch.  Metformin merely mimics their effect.

(3) Several additional anti-proliferative mechanisms independent of the AMPK energy-sensing pathway.

SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE

Over the last 5 years, supporting scientific evidence for metformin's great promise has been gathering.

(1) Retrospective epidemiological analysis, have shown that metformin use in diabetics had significantly reduced their rates of cancer incidence and mortality including for cancers of the breast, colorectum, pancreas, lung and liver.  It also may have reversed the increased cancer risk associated with the the use of insulin injections.  Better clinical outcomes were also found in those already diagnosed with cancer.

(2)  Clinical studies also showed metformin use induced a significantly increased pathologic complete response (pCR) rate from neoadjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy, a lower rate of metastasis and cancer-related death and a reduction in proliferation and aberrant crypt foci in the rectal epithelium of patients without diabetes who have had previous colorectal polyps.

(3)  In-vitro preclinical research with metformin demonstrated increased apoptosis of melanoma skin cancer cells in culture media in 96 hours.  In-vivo research showed that metformin prevented colorectal tumors in laboratory animals, suppressed intestinal polyp growth in mice predisposed to that disease, protected mice from developing lung cancers after exposure to a potent tobacco carcinogen, and reduced the proliferation of cancer-prone breast cells in mice.

All it needs now is an authoritative endorsement from the medical community.